Assessing ocean changes without data centers?

Assessing ocean changes without data centers?

How may we know that the ocean has or has not changed on the half-century time scale, if data points through time from in-situ measurements are not available because we, the observing scientists, did not and still often do not deposit our observations in data centers? Major efforts of the last two decades in retrieving earlier values and collecting recent measurements have greatly enlarged publ...

Assessing Global Ocean Wind Energy Resources Using Multiple Satellite Data

Wind energy, as a vital renewable energy source, also plays a significant role in reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change. It is therefore of utmost necessity to evaluate ocean wind energy resources for electricity generation and environmental management. Ocean wind distribution around the globe can be obtained from satellite observations to compensate for limited in situ measur...

Germinal Centers without T Cells

Germinal centers are critical for affinity maturation of antibody (Ab) responses. This process allows the production of high-efficiency neutralizing Ab that protects against virus infection and bacterial exotoxins. In germinal centers, responding B cells selectively mutate the genes that encode their receptors for antigen. This process can change Ab affinity and specificity. The mutated cells t...

Climate-mediated changes to mixed-layer properties in the Southern Ocean: assessing the phytoplankton response

Concurrent changes in ocean chemical and physical properties influence phytoplankton dynamics via alterations in carbonate chemistry, nutrient and trace metal inventories and upper ocean light environment. Using a fully coupled, global carbon-climate model (Climate System Model 1.4-carbon), we quantify anthropogenic climate change relative to the background natural interannual variability for t...

Energy-Efficient Data Centers